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Borgia History
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World History
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Arts and Letters
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Alfonso de Borja (Borgia), the future
pope Calixtus III is born at Xativa, |
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1412 |
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Ferdinand de Antequerra is
elected king to the Crown of Aragon |
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1417 |
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End of the Western Schism |
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1423 |
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Death of pope Benedictus
XIII at Peñiscola |
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1429 |
Alfonso Borgia is appointed
bishop of Valencia |
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1431 |
Rodrigo de Borja (Borgia), the
future pope Alexander VI is born at Xativa |
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Donatello erects the tabernacle
in the sacristy of the Saint Peter in |
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1444 |
Alfonso Borgia is appointed a
cardinal |
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1449 |
Rodrigo and Pedro Luis Borgia
arrive in Rome |
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1453 |
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Constantinopel falls into
the hands of Mohamed II the Ottoman sultan |
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1454 |
Alfonso Borgia is elected pope under
the name of Calixtus III |
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1455 |
Rodrigo Borgia and Juan del
Mila are appointed cardinals by their uncle pope Calixtus III |
The Turcs invade |
The first printed book – the Gutenberg
Bible- leaves the printing press |
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1456 |
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Andrea Mantegna paints the Pala
in Leon Battista Alberti builds
the Santa Maria Novella at |
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1458 |
Death of Calixtus III |
Pius II Piccolimi is elected
pope |
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1459 |
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Benozzo Gozzoli paints the fresco
Journey of the Magi in the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi at |
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1464 |
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Death of Pius II. Election
of Paulus II Barbo |
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1468 |
Isabel
de Borja, Rodrigos mother, dies |
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1468-1470 |
Pedro Luis, Jeronima and Isabel,
children of cardinal Rodrigo Borgia are born |
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1469 |
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Lorenzo de Medici, also known
as the Magnificent, assumes power at Also in Spain Ferdinand of
Aragon weds Isabella of Castilia |
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1471 |
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Death of Paulus II . Sixtus IV
della Rovere is elected pope |
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1472-1473 |
Journey of cardinal Borgia to
Valencia and Castilia |
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1474-1481 |
Most intimate period in the
relation of Rodrigo Borgia and Vannozza Cattanei |
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1474 |
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Death of Sixtus IV. Election
of Inocentius VIII Cibo |
Andrea Mantegna finishes the
frescoes of the Ducal Palaca at |
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1475 |
Birth of Cesare Borgia, son of
cardinal Rodrigo and Vanozza Catanei |
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Birth of Michelangelo
Buonarotti. Angelo
Poloziano writes Le Stanze |
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1476 |
Vanozza Catanei contracts a
marriage of convenience first with Domenica D’Arignanom then, after his
decease, with Giorgio della Croce. Birth of the second child of the cardinal
and Vanozza, Juan Borgia. |
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1480 |
Birth of Lucrezia, daughter of
the cardinal and Vanozza. |
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Andrea Mantegna paints The
Dead Christ. Hieronymous Bosch paints The seven Capital Sins. |
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1481 |
Birth of Jofré, the fourth son
of cardinal Borgia. A bull of pope Sixtus IV attributes to the children of
Rodrigo and Vanozza the status of “nephews”. |
Institution of the
Inquisition in |
Leonardo da Vinci paints The
Adoration of the magi |
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1482 |
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Sandro Botticelli paints Spring |
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1483 |
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Birth of Martin Luther. Torquemada is inquisitor
general of the kingdoms of Castilia and Aragon. Charles VIII succeeds to the
throne of France after the death of Louis XI |
Leonardo da Vinci paints his Madonna in the Grotto. Birth of Rafael |
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1484 |
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Charles VIII is crowned at Pope Sixtus IV dies and is
succeeded by Innocentius VIII |
Botticelli paints the Birth
of Venus |
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1485 |
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Pope Innocentius VIII
declares war against the king of Naples, Ferdinand of |
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1486 |
Giorgio della Croce dies and
Vanozza contracts another marriage of convenience with Carlo Canale. |
Innocentius VIII and
Ferdinand of Aragon, with thanks to Lorenzo de Medici, end their war and sign
the peace. |
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1487 |
Lucrezia Borgia is entrusted to
Adriana Orsini, cousin of Rodrigo Borgia, to receive her education. |
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Pico della Mirandola publishes Conclusiones
( Nine hundred theses on the history of men), in which he summarizes all
of human knowledge. |
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1488 |
Death of Pedro Luis, son of
Rodrigo and first Borgia duke of Gandia |
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1490 |
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In |
Vittorio Carpaccio paints the
Courtesans |
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1491 |
Lucrezia Borgia is promised in
marrige to two fiancés at the same time. |
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Hans Memling paints the Triptych
of the Crucifixion |
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1492 |
Cardinal Rodrigo receives in
Rome groups of Spanish Jews who had been evicted from their country following
an edict of the catholic king. Rodrigo Borgia is elected pope
and takes the name Alexander VI |
The catholic king of At Christopher Columbus
discovers the New Continent. |
Piero
della Francesca dies. Pintoricchio starts working on
the frescoes in the Borgia Apartments in the |
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1493 |
Lucrezia Borgia is united in matrimony
with Giovanni Sforza, nephew of the Duke of Milano, to reinforce the alliance
with France. Cesare is appointed a cardinal
by his father pope Alexander VI. Marriage of Juan Borgia in
Barcelona |
Publishing of the papal
bulls concerning the newly discovered lands Alexander VI signs the bull Inter
Coetera regulating the division of the West Indies between Portugal and
Spain. |
Ferrara,
Palazzo dei Diamanti |
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1494 |
Marriage of Jofre Borgia with
Sancha de Aragon. To protect them for the risk of
a French invasion, Alexander VI sends Lucrezia Borgia, Giulia Farnese and the
latters aunt, Adriana Orsini, to Pesaro. |
The French invade Italy. Charles VIII occupies Rome Spain and Portugal modify
the papal bull Inter Coetera and in Tordesillas they sign a new treaty about
the division of the western lands |
Albrecht Dürer paints his
Selfportrait. Pintoricchio begins working on The
Dispute of Saint Catherine with Lucrezia Borgia serving as the model for
the saint. Andrea Mantegna paints The
triumph of Cesare. Pico
della Mirandola dies |
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1495 |
Alexander VI sides with the
League of Venice against Charles VIII |
Charles VIII in Naples.
Retreat and defeat of the French |
Sandro
Botticelli paints La calumnia Leonardo in Milano starts
working on The last Supper |
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1496 |
Juan Borgia flees to Gandia.
Campaign against the Orsini clan |
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1497 |
Assassination of Juan Borgia,
duke of Gándia, presumably at the hands of his brother Cesare. Alexander VI annuls the marriag
of his daughter Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza. Alexander VI excommunicates
Girolamo Savonarola |
Girolamo Savonarola , a
Dominican prior of San Marco at Giovanni Caboto, a Venetian
navigator serving England, sails to the American continent. Vasco da Gama circumvents
the Cape of Good Hope. |
Michelangelo commences
sculpting the Pieta |
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1498 |
Lucrezia Borgia gives birth to
a son, the “Roman infant”, presumably born out of her realation with Perotto
a servant of the pope. Cesare murders Perotto. Marriage of Lucrezia with
Alfonso de Aragona, son of king Alfonso of Naples. Cesare lays down the cardinal’s
hat and travels to France. |
In Florence Girolamo
Savanorola is burnt at the stake. Charles VIII dies and is
succeeded by Louis XII, who, as a token of his good intentention towards the
Vatican, offers to Cesare Borgia the hand of Charlotte d’ Albret. |
Albrecht Dürer realises a series
of xylographies on the Apocalypse |
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1499 |
In France Cesare Borgia weds
Charlotte d’Albrêt and leads Louis XII into alliance with the pope. Lucrezia Borgia is appointed
regent of Spoleto First campaign of Cesare in the
Romagna |
Louis XII in Milano |
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1500 |
Alexanders VI inaugurates the
Year of the Jubilee. Successes of Cesare, captain
general of the Church Assasination of Alfonso de
Aragona, spouse of Lucrezia, by order of Cesare Borgia. |
The Portugese discover
Brasilia |
Hieronymous Bosch paints The
ship of Fools |
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1501 |
Pope Alexander VI authorizes
Louis XII to cross the Papal Lands to enable the conquest of Naples. In
return the king will support a new marriage of Lucrezia with the heir of the
duchy of Ferrara, Alfonso d’Este. Alexander VI confiscates the
castles and territories of the roman barons. Conquests of Cesare in central
Italy. Cesare becomes duke of Romagna. |
The French armies occupy
Naples |
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1502 |
Lucrezia Borgia becomes duchess
of Ferrara The captains’ conspiracy
against Cesare |
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Bramante begins the
construction of the Tempietto in the Saint Peter in Montorio At Rome
commissioned by the catholic king of Spain. |
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1503 |
Vendetta of the Borgias against the Orsini clan Death of Alexander VI Cesare is arrested by order of
the new pope Julius II |
Alexander VI dies and is
succeeded, first by Pius III Piccolomini, then by Julius II della Rovere. At the court of Ferrara
Lecrezia Borgia meets the poet Pietro Bembo, who will play an important role
in her life. |
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1504 |
Cesare Borgia is made prisoner
by order of Julius II. He is detained in Naples and later sent to Navarra |
Isabella of Castilia, the
catholic, dies. |
Albrecht Dürer makes The
Adoration of the Magi, Michelangelo his David, Raphael the Marriage
of the Virgin, and Hieronymous Bosch the Garden of Delights. |
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1505 |
Alfonso d ‘Este and Lucrezia
Borgia inherit the duchy of Ferrara after the death of Ercole d’ Este. |
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Pietro Bembo composes The
Asolani which he dedicates to Lucrezia Borgia |
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1506 |
Lucrezia, acting as regent of
Ferrara in absence of her husband, issues an edict in favour of the Jews. |
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Bramante begins the
construction of the Saint Peter in Rome |
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1507 |
Cesare Borgia escapes from the fortress
of Medina del Campo, where he was impriosoned by order of Julius II. Cesare Borgia dies at Viana |
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Vittore Carpaccio paints the Saint
George series |
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1508 |
Lucrezia hosts Erasmus of
Rotterdam at the court of Ferrara. |
Institution of the League of
Cambrai against the Republic of Venice |
Giorgione paints The
Tempest. Michelangelo commences painting
the ceiling of the Sixtine Chapel |
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1509 |
At Ferrara a son is born to
Lucrezia Borgia, named Ippolito d ‘Este, who will become a cardinal. |
Henri VIII becomes king of
England |
Erasmus of Rotterdam writes Praise
of Folly |
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1510 |
Julius II annuls the accord
that was concluded between the Church and the duchy of d’Este under pope
Alexander VI on the occasion of the marriage between Lucrezia and Alfonso. Franciscus Borgia is born |
Julius II accepts the offer
of the bishop of Sion to have the defence of the Church in Rome entrusted to
the Swiss cavalry |
Death of Sandro Boticelli. Raphael paints the Stanze
of the Vatican. |
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1511 |
Alfonso d’Este gains victory
over Julius II at the Bastida of the Fossa Geniola |
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Giorgione dies |
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1513 |
Julius II dies and the new
Medici pope, Leo X, annuls the papal interdicton on Ferrara, thanks to the intercession
of Bembo, who in the Vatican acts as protector of Lucrezia and the d’Estes. Lucrezia Borgia enter the
Tertiary Order of Saint Francis. |
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Michelangelo starts sculpting
the Moses which he will finish two years later. Niccolò Machiavelli writes The
Prince |
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1515 |
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Francis I becomes king of
France |
Ludovico Ariosto at Ferrara
publishes Orlando Furioso |
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1516 |
Lucrezia Borgia receives at the
court of Ferrara Titian and entrusts him with various commissions. |
Death of Ferdinand the
catholic |
Titian paints Sacred Love
and Profane Love, inspired by Lucrezia Borgia |
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1517 |
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Martin Luther affixes his 95
theses against the doctrine of the indulgences at the door of the chapel of
Wittenberg in Saxony. |
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1518 |
Decease of Vannozza Catanei,
the mother of children of Alexander VI Borgia. Lucrezia Borgia pronounces the
definite vows of the tertiary franciscans |
Beginning of the Reformation
in Zürich |
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1519 |
Lucrezia Borgia dies at Ferrara
after giving birth. She is buries in the naked earth in the convent of St. Clare |
Luther denies the primate of
the roman church. Magellan departs for his
circumnavigation of the globe. Cortes reaches the Mexican
coast and is received by the ruler Montezuma. Charles of Spain is elected
Emperor with the name Charles V. |
Leonardo da Vinci dies at
Amboise in France. |
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1520 |
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Sultan Suleiman II the Great
becomes emperor of the Ottoman empire |
Raphael dies |
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1521 |
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Leo X excommunicates Martin
Luther. Beginning of the war between
Francis I of France and Charles V, pope Leo X dies. |
At Florence Michelangelo starts
work on the new sacristy of San Lorenzo. Niccolò Machiavelli composes The
Mandragola. Raphael Sanzio dies at Rome and
in the Vatican stanzas leaves unfinished the Transfiguration |
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1527 |
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The sack of Rome at the
hands of the troops of Charles V |
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1539 |
Franciscus Borgia Vice-roy of
Catalonia |
Death of the empress Isabel
of Portugal |
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1548 |
Fransiscus Borgia, duke of
Gandia, widowed, enters the Company of Jesus |
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1556 |
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Charles V abdicates in
favour of Philip II |
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1565 |
Franciscus Borgia, elected
general of the Jesuits |
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1571 |
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Battle of Lepanto |
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1572 |
Death of Franciscus Borgia |
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